Robot Sensors and Actuators: The Practical Guide

Picking the right sensors and actuators determines how well your robot perceives and moves.

Sensors

• Ultrasonic: simple distance sensing, cheap.
• Infrared: line detection and proximity.
• IMU: orientation and acceleration.
• Encoders: wheel/shaft position and speed.

Actuators

• DC motors + motor drivers (L298N, TB6612FNG)
• Servos for precise position control
• Stepper motors for accurate steps and torque

Integration checklist

1. Define performance requirements (speed, torque, range).
2. Match voltage and current with your power budget.
3. Debounce and filter sensor signals.
4. Calibrate often, log data, and iterate.